How is engine operation controlled on an engine equipped with a 
constant-speed propeller? 





   ANSWER: The throttle controls power output as registered on the 
   manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates 
   engine RPM. 

   Airplanes equipped with 
   controllable-pitch propellers have both a throttle control and 
   a propeller control. The throttle controls the power output of 
   the engine, which is registered on the manifold pressure 
   gauge. This is a simple barometer that measures the air 
   pressure in the engine intake manifold in inches of mercury. 
   The propeller control regulates the engine RPM, which is 
   registered on a tachometer. 

A precaution for the operation of an engine equipped with a 
constant-speed propeller is to 





   ANSWER: avoid high manifold pressure settings with low RPM. 

   For any given RPM, there is a 
   manifold pressure that should not be exceeded. Manifold 
   pressure is excessive for a given RPM when the cylinder 
   design pressure is exceeded, placing undue stress on them. 
   If repeated or extended, the stress would weaken the 
   cylinder components and eventually cause engine failure. 

What is an advantage of a constant-speed propeller? 





   ANSWER: Permits the pilot to select the blade angle for the most 
   efficient performance. 

   A controllable-pitch propeller 
   (constant-speed) permits the pilot to select the blade angle 
   that will result in the most efficient performance given the 
   flight conditions. A low blade angle and a decreased pitch 
   reduces the propeller drag and allows more engine RPM 
   (power) for takeoffs. After airspeed is attained during 
   cruising flight, the propeller blade is changed to a higher 
   angle to increase pitch. The blade takes a larger bite of air at 
   a lower RPM and consequently increases the efficiency of 
   the flight. This process is similar to shifting gears in an 
   automobile from low to high gear. 

What effect does high density altitude, as compared to low density 
altitude, have on propeller efficiency and why? 





   ANSWER: Efficiency is reduced because the propeller exerts less 
   force at high density altitudes than at low density altitudes. 

   The propeller produces thrust in 
   proportion to the mass of air being accelerated through the 
   rotating propeller. If the air is less dense, the propeller 
   efficiency is decreased. Remember, higher density altitude 
   refers to less dense air. 

What should be the first action after starting an aircraft engine? 





   ANSWER: Adjust for proper RPM and check for desired indications 
   on the engine gauges. 

   After the engine starts, the engine 
   speed should be adjusted to the proper RPM. Then the 
   engine gauges should be reviewed, with the oil pressure 
   being the most important gauge initially. 

Should it become necessary to handprop an airplane engine, it is 
extremely important that a competent pilot 





   ANSWER: be at the controls in the cockpit. 

   Because of the hazards involved in 
   handstarting airplane engines, every precaution should be 
   exercised. It is extremely important that a competent pilot be 
   at the controls in the cockpit. Also, the person turning the 
   propeller should be thoroughly familiar with the technique. 

During the preflight inspection who is responsible for determining 
the aircraft as safe for flight? 





   ANSWER: The pilot in command. 

   During the preflight inspection, the 
   pilot in command is responsible for determining whether the 
   airplane is in condition for safe flight. 

Who is primarily responsible for maintaining an aircraft in 
airworthy condition? 





   ANSWER: Owner or operator. 

   The owner or operator of an airplane 
   is primarily responsible for maintaining an airplane in an 
   airworthy condition, including compliance with all applicable 
   Airworthiness Directives (ADs). 

How should an aircraft preflight inspection be accomplished for the 
first flight of the day? 





   ANSWER: Thorough and systematic means recommended by the 
   manufacturer. 

   For the first flight of the day, the 
   preflight inspection should be accomplished by a thorough 
   and systematic means recommended by the manufacturer. 

As altitude increases, the indicated airspeed at which a given 
airplane stalls in a particular configuration will 





   ANSWER: remain the same regardless of altitude.

   All the performance factors of an 
   airplane are dependent upon air density. As air density 
   decreases, the airplane stalls at a higher true airspeed. 
   However, you cannot detect the effect of high density 
   altitude on your airspeed indicator. Accordingly, an airplane 
   will stall in a particular configuration at the same indicated 
   airspeed regardless of altitude. 

The pitot system provides impact pressure for which instrument? 





   ANSWER: Airspeed indicator. 

   The pitot system provides impact 
   pressure, or ram pressure, for only the airspeed indicator. 

Which instrument will become inoperative if the pitot tube 
becomes clogged? 





   ANSWER: Airspeed. 

   The pitot-static system is a source of 
   pressure for the altimeter, vertical-speed indicator, and 
   airspeed indicator. The pitot tube is connected directly to 
   the airspeed indicator and provides impact pressure for it 
   alone. Thus, if the pitot tube becomes clogged, only the 
   airspeed indicator will become inoperative. 

If the pitot tube and outside static vents become clogged, which 
instruments would be affected? 





   ANSWER: The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed 
   indicator. 

   The pitot-static system is a source of 
   air pressure for the operation of the altimeter, airspeed 
   indicator, and vertical speed indicator. Thus, if the pitot and 
   outside static vents become clogged, all of these 
   instruments will be affected. 

Which instrument(s) will become inoperative if the static vents 
become clogged? 





   ANSWER: Airspeed, altimeter, and vertical speed. 

   The pitot-static system is a source of 
   air pressure for the operation of the airspeed indicator, 
   altimeter, and vertical speed indicator. Thus, if the static 
   vents become clogged, all three instruments will become 
   inoperative. 

What does the red line on an airspeed indicator represent? 





   ANSWER: Never-exceed speed. 

   The red line on an airspeed indicator 
   indicates the maximum speed at which the airplane can be 
   operated in smooth air, which should never be exceeded 
   intentionally. This speed is known as the never-exceed 
   speed. 

What is an important airspeed limitation that is not color coded on 
airspeed indicators? 





   ANSWER: Maneuvering speed. 

   The maneuvering speed of an airplane 
   is an important airspeed limitation not color-coded on the 
   airspeed indicator. It is found in the airplane manual (Pilot's 
   Operating Handbook) or placarded in the cockpit. 
   Maneuvering speed is the maximum speed at which full 
   deflection of the airplane controls can be made without 
   incurring structural damage. Maneuvering speed or less 
   should be held in turbulent air to prevent structural damage 
   due to excessive loads. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) What is the caution range of the airplane? 





   ANSWER: 165 to 208 MPH. 

   The caution range is indicated by the 
   yellow arc on the airspeed indicator. Operation within this 
   range is safe only in smooth air. The airspeed indicator in 
   Fig. 4 indicates the caution range from 165 to 208 MPH. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) The maximum speed at which the airplane can be 
operated in smooth air is 





   ANSWER: 208 MPH. 

   The maximum speed at which the 
   airplane can be operated in smooth air is indicated by the red 
   radial line. The airspeed indicator in Fig. 4 indicates the red 
   line is at 208 MPH. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) What is the full flap operating range for the 
airplane? 





   ANSWER: 60 to 100 MPH. 

   The full flap operating range is 
   indicated by the white arc on the airspeed indicator. The 
   airspeed indicator in Fig. 4 indicates the full flap operating 
   range is from 60 to 100 MPH. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) Which color identifies the never-exceed speed? 





   ANSWER: The red radial line. 

   The never-exceed speed is indicated 
   by a red line and is found at the upper limit of the yellow arc. 
   Operating above this speed may result in structural damage. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) Which color identifies the power-off stalling 
speed in a specified configuration? 





   ANSWER: Lower limit of the green arc. 

   The lower airspeed limit of the green 
   arc indicates the power-off stalling speed in a specified 
   configuration. "Specified configuration" refers to flaps up 
   and landing gear retracted. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) What is the maximum flaps-extended speed? 





   ANSWER: 100 MPH. 

   The maximum flaps-extended speed is 
   indicated by the upper limit of the white arc. This is the 
   highest air speed at which a pilot should extend full flaps. At 
   higher airspeeds, severe strain or structural failure could 
   result. The upper limit of the white arc on the airspeed 
   indicator shown in Fig. 4 indicates 100 MPH. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) Which color identifies the normal flap operating 
range? 





   ANSWER: The white arc. 

   The normal flap operating range is 
   indicated by the white arc. The power-off stall speed with 
   flaps extended is at the lower limit of the arc, and the 
   maximum speed at which flaps can be extended without 
   damage to them is the upper limit of the arc. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) Which color identifies the power-off stalling 
speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing 
configuration? 





   ANSWER: Lower limit of the white arc. 

   The lower limit of the white arc 
   indicates the power-off stalling speed with wing flaps and 
   landing gear in the landing position. 

Figure 4 
(Refer to figure 4.) What is the maximum structural cruising speed? 





   ANSWER: 165 MPH. 

   The maximum structural cruising 
   speed is the maximum speed for normal operation and is 
   indicated as the upper limit of the green arc on an airspeed 
   indicator. The upper limit of the green arc on the airspeed 
   indicator shown in Fig. 4 indicates 165 MPH. 

Figure 3 
(Refer to figure 3.) Altimeter 2 indicates 





   ANSWER: 14,500 feet. 

   Altimeter 2 indicates 14,500 ft. 
   because the shortest needle is between the 1 and the 2, 
   indicating about 15,000 ft; the middle needle is between 4 
   and 5, indicating 4,500 ft; and the long needle is on 5, 
   indicating 500 ft., i.e., 14,500 ft. 

Page 12