Figure 3 
(Refer to figure 3.) Altimeter 1 indicates 





   ANSWER: 10,500 feet. 

   The altimeter has three needles. The 
   short needle indicates 10,000-ft. intervals, the middle-length 
   needle indicates 1,000-ft. intervals, and the long needle 
   indicates 100-ft. intervals. In altimeter 1, the shortest needle 
   is on 1, which indicates about 10,000 ft. The middle-length 
   needle indicates half-way between zero and 1, which is 500 
   ft. This is confirmed by the longest needle on 5, indicating 
   500 ft., i.e., 10,500 ft. 

Figure 3 
(Refer to figure 3.) Altimeter 3 indicates 





   ANSWER: 9,500 feet. 

   Altimeter 3 indicates 9,500 ft. because 
   the shortest needle is near 1 (i.e., about 10,000 ft.), the middle 
   needle is between 9 and the 0, indicating between 9,000 and 
   10,000 ft., and the long needle is on 5, indicating 500 ft. 

Figure 3 
(Refer to figure 3.) Which altimeter(s) indicate(s) more than 10,000 
feet? 





   ANSWER: 1 and 2 only. 

   Altimeters 1 and 2 indicate over 10,000 
   ft. because 1 indicates 10,500 ft. and 2 indicates 14,500 ft. 
   The short needle on 3 points just below 1, i.e., below 10,000 
   ft. 

What is absolute altitude? 





   ANSWER: The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface. 

   Absolute altitude is altitude above the 
   surface, i.e., AGL. 

What is true altitude? 





   ANSWER: The vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level. 

   True altitude is the actual altitude 
   above mean sea level, i.e., MSL. 

What is density altitude? 





   ANSWER: The pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard 
   temperature. 

   Density altitude is the pressure 
   altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. 

Under what condition is indicated altitude the same as true 
altitude? 





   ANSWER: When at sea level under standard conditions. 

   Indicated altitude (what you read on 
   your altimeter) approximates the true altitude (distance 
   above mean sea level) when standard conditions exist and 
   your altimeter is properly calibrated. 

What is pressure altitude? 





   ANSWER: The altitude indicated when the barometric pressure scale 
   is set to 29.92. 

   Pressure altitude is the airplane's 
   height above the standard datum plane of 29.92" Hg. If the 
   altimeter is set to 29.92" Hg, the indicated altitude is the 
   pressure altitude. 

Altimeter setting is the value to which the barometric pressure 
scale of the altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates 





   ANSWER: true altitude at field elevation. 

   Altimeter setting is the value to which 
   the scale of the pressure altimeter is set so that the altimeter 
   indicates true altitude at field elevation. 

If it is necessary to set the altimeter from 29.15 to 29.85, what 
change occurs? 





   ANSWER: 700-foot increase in indicated altitude. 

   When increasing the altimeter setting 
   from 29.15 to 29.85, the indicated altitude increases by 700 ft. 
   The altimeter-indicated altitude moves in the same direction 
   as the altimeter setting and changes about 1,000 ft. for every 
   change of 1" Hg in the altimeter setting. 

How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter? 





   ANSWER: Pressure levels are raised on warm days and the indicated 
   altitude is lower than true altitude. 

   On warm days, the atmospheric 
   pressure levels are higher than on cold days. Your altimeter 
   will indicate a lower than true altitude. Remember, "low to 
   high, clear the sky." 

If the outside air temperature (OAT) at a given altitude is warmer 
than standard, the density altitude is 





   ANSWER: higher than pressure altitude. 

   When temperature increases, the air 
   expands and therefore becomes less dense. This decrease in 
   density means a higher density altitude. Pressure altitude is 
   based on standard temperature. Thus, density altitude 
   exceeds pressure altitude when the temperature is warmer 
   than standard. 

Figure 7 
(Refer to figure 7.) The proper adjustment to make on the attitude 
indicator during level flight is to align the 





   ANSWER: miniature airplane to the horizon bar. 

   The horizon bar (marked as B) on Fig. 
   7 represents the true horizon. This bar is fixed to the gyro 
   and remains on a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched 
   or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the 
   attitude of the airplane relative to the true horizon. An 
   adjustment knob is provided, with which the pilot may move 
   the miniature airplane (marked as C) up or down to align the 
   miniature airplane with the horizontal bar to suit the pilot's 
   line of vision. 

Figure 7 
(Refer to figure 7.) How should a pilot determine the direction of 
bank from an attitude indicator such as the one illustrated? 





   ANSWER: By the relationship of the miniature airplane (C) to the 
   deflected horizon bar (B). 

   The direction of bank on the attitude 
   indicator (AI) is indicated by the relationship of the 
   miniature airplane to the deflecting horizon bar. The 
   miniature airplane's relative position to the horizon indicates 
   its attitude: nose high, nose low, left bank, right bank. As 
   you look at the attitude indicator, you see your airplane as it 
   is positioned with respect to the actual horizon. The attitude 
   indicator in Fig. 7 indicates a level right turn. 

Figure 5 
(Refer to figure 5.) A turn coordinator provides an indication of the 





   ANSWER: movement of the aircraft about the yaw and roll axes. 

   There really are no yaw and roll axes, 
   i.e., an airplane yaws about its vertical axis and rolls about 
   its longitudinal axis. However, this is the best answer since 
   the turn coordinator does indicate the roll and yaw 
   movement of the airplane. The movement of the miniature 
   airplane is proportional to the roll rate of the airplane. When 
   the roll rate is reduced to zero (i.e., when the bank is held 
   constant) the instrument provides an indication of the rate 
   of turn. 

Figure 6 
(Refer to figure 6.) To receive accurate indications during flight 
from a heading indicator, the instrument must be 





   ANSWER: periodically realigned with the magnetic compass as the 
   gyro precesses. 

   Due to gyroscopic precession, 
   directional gyros must be periodically realigned with a 
   magnetic compass. Friction is the major cause of its drifting 
   from the correct heading. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally 
indicate a turn toward the north if 





   ANSWER: an aircraft is accelerated while on an east or west heading. 

   In the Northern Hemisphere, a 
   magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the 
   north if an airplane is accelerated while on an east or west 
   heading. 

During flight, when are the indications of a magnetic compass 
accurate? 





   ANSWER: Only in straight-and-level unaccelerated flight. 

   During flight, the magnetic compass 
   indications can be considered accurate only when in 
   straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight. During acceleration, 
   deceleration, or turns, the compass card will dip and cause 
   false readings. 

Deviation in a magnetic compass is caused by the 





   ANSWER: magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of 
   magnetic force. 

   Magnetic fields produced by metals 
   and electrical accessories in the airplane disturb the 
   compass needle and produce errors. These errors are 
   referred to as compass deviation. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or 
decelerated, the magnetic compass will normally indicate 





   ANSWER: correctly when on a north or south heading. 

   Acceleration and deceleration errors 
   on magnetic compasses do not occur when on a north or 
   south heading in the Northern Hemisphere. They occur on 
   east and west headings. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally 
indicate initially a turn toward the west if 





   ANSWER: a right turn is entered from a north heading. 

   Due to the northerly turn error in the 
   Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will initially 
   indicate a turn toward the west if a right (east) turn is 
   entered from a north heading. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic compass will normally 
indicate a turn toward the south when 





   ANSWER: the aircraft is decelerated while on a west heading. 

   In the Northern Hemisphere, a 
   magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the 
   south if an airplane is decelerated while on an east or west 
   heading. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally 
indicate initially a turn toward the east if 





   ANSWER: a left turn is entered from a north heading. 

   In the Northern Hemisphere, a 
   magnetic compass normally initially indicates a turn toward 
   the east if a left (west) turn is entered from a north heading. 

An airplane has been loaded in such a manner that the CG is 
located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a 
pilot might experience with this airplane would be 





   ANSWER: difficulty in recovering from a stalled condition. 

   The recovery from a stall in any 
   airplane becomes progressively more difficult as its center of 
   gravity moves backward. Generally, airplanes become less 
   controllable, especially at slow flight speeds, as the center of 
   gravity is moved backward. 

Loading an airplane to the most aft CG will cause the airplane to be 





   ANSWER: less stable at all speeds. 

   Airplanes become less stable at all 
   speeds as the center of gravity is moved backward. The 
   rearward center of gravity limit is determined largely by 
   considerations of stability. 

Which items are included in the empty weight of an aircraft? 





   ANSWER: Unusable fuel and undrainable oil. 

   The empty weight of an airplane 
   includes airframe, engines, and all items of operating 
   equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently 
   installed. It includes optional and special equipment, fixed 
   ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and undrainable oil. 

An aircraft is loaded 110 pounds over maximum certificated gross 
weight. If fuel (gasoline) is drained to bring the aircraft weight 
within limits, how much fuel should be drained? 





   ANSWER: 18.4 gallons. 

   Fuel weighs 6 lb./gal. If an airplane is 
   110 lb. over maximum gross weight, 18.4 gal. (110 lb./6) must 
   be drained to bring the airplane weight within limits. 

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