Figure 28 
(Refer to figure 28.) An aircraft departs an airport in the Pacific 
standard time zone at 1030 PST for a 4-hour flight to an airport 
located in the central standard time zone. The landing should be at 
what coordinated universal time? 





   ANSWER: 2230Z. 

   First, convert the departure time to 
   coordinated universal time (Z) by using the time conversion 
   table in Fig. 28. To convert from PST to Z, you must add 8 
   hr., thus 1030 PST is 1830Z (1030 + 8 hr.). A 4-hr. flight 
   would make the proposed landing time at 2230Z (1830 + 4 
   hr.). 

Figure 28 
(Refer to figure 28.) An aircraft departs an airport in the mountain 
standard time zone at 1515 MST for a 2-hour 30-minute flight to an 
airport located in the Pacific standard time zone. What is the 
estimated time of arrival at the destination airport? 





   ANSWER: 1645 PST. 

   Departing the Mountain Standard 
   Time (MST) Zone at 1515 MST for a 2-hr. 30-min. flight 
   would result in arrival in the Pacific Standard Time (PST) 
   Zone at 1745 MST. Because there is a 1-hr. difference 
   between MST and PST, 1 hr. must be subtracted from the 
   1745 MST arrival to determine the 1645 PST estimated time 
   of arrival at the destination airport. 

Figure 21 
(Refer to figure 21.) En route to First Flight Airport (area 5), your 
flight passes over Hampton Roads Airport (area 2) at 1456 and then 
over Chesapeake Municipal at 1501. At what time should your 
flight arrive at First Flight? 





   ANSWER: 1526. 

   The distance between Hampton 
   Roads Airport (about 2 in. north of 2) and Chesapeake 
   Municipal (northeast of 2 on Fig. 21) is 10 NM. It took 5 min. 
   (1501 - 1456) to go 10 NM, so the airplane is traveling at 2 
   NM per minute. The distance from Chesapeake Municipal to 
   First Flight (right of 5) is 50 NM. At 2 NM per minute, it will 
   take 25 min. 25 min. added to the time you passed 
   Chesapeake Municipal (1501) is 1526.

   Note: There is a discrepancy between this question and the 
   figure. "Chesapeake Municipal" is labeled "Chesapeake 
   Regional" on the chart. 

Figure 24 
(Refer to figure 24.) While en route on Victor 185, a flight crosses 
the 248° radial of Allendale VOR at 0953 and then crosses the 216° 
radial of Allendale VOR at 1000. What is the estimated time of 
arrival at Savannah VORTAC? 





   ANSWER: 1028. 

   The first step is to find the three 
   points involved. V185 runs southeast from the top left of 
   Fig. 24. The first intersection (V70 and V185) is about 1 in. 
   from the top of the chart. The second intersection (V157 and 
   V185) is about 1½ in. farther along V185. The Savannah 
   VORTAC is about 6 in. farther down V185.

   Use the sectional scale 1:500,000. From the first intersection 
   (V70 and V185), it is about 10 NM to the intersection of V185 
   and V157. From there it is 40 NM to Savannah VORTAC.

   On your flight computer, place the 7 min. the first leg took 
   (1000 - 0953) on the inner scale under 10 NM on the outer 
   scale. Then find 40 NM on the outer scale. Read 28 min. on 
   the inner scale, which is the time en route from the V185 and 
   V157 intersection to the Savannah VORTAC. Arrival time 
   over Savannah VORTAC is therefore 1028. 

Figure 24 
(Refer to figure 24.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft 
if the VOR receivers indicate the 320° radial of Savannah VORTAC 
(area 3) and the 184° radial of Allendale VOR (area 1)? 





   ANSWER: Town of Springfield. 

   To locate a position based on VOR 
   radials, draw the radials on your map or on the plastic 
   overlay during the FAA pilot knowledge test. Remember 
   that radials are from the VOR, or leaving the VOR. On Fig. 24, 
   the 320° radial from Savannah extends northwest, and the 
   184° radial from Allendale extends south. They intersect 
   over the town of Springfield. 

Figure 27 
(Refer to figure 27.) Determine the magnetic course from 
Breckheimer (Pvt) Airport (area 1) to Jamestown Airport (area 4). 





   ANSWER: 180°. 

   On Fig. 27, you are to find the 
   magnetic course from Breckheimer Airport (top center) to 
   Jamestown Airport (below 4). Since Jamestown has a VOR 
   on the field, a compass rose exists around the Jamestown 
   Airport symbol on the chart. Compass roses are based on 
   magnetic courses. Thus, a straight line from Jamestown 
   Airport to Breckheimer Airport coincides with the compass 
   rose at 359°. Since the route is south to Jamestown, not 
   north from Jamestown, compute the reciprocal direction as 
   179° (359° - 180°). The course, then, is approximately 180°. 

Figure 21 
(Refer to figure 21.) Determine the magnetic course from First Flight 
Airport (area 5) to Hampton Roads Airport (area 2). 





   ANSWER: 331°. 

   You are to find the magnetic course 
   from First Flight Airport (lower right corner) to Hampton 
   Roads Airport (above 2 on Fig. 21). True course is the 
   degrees clockwise from true north. Determine the true course 
   by placing the straight edge of your plotter along the given 
   route with the grommet at the intersection of your route and 
   a meridian (the north/south line with crosslines). Here, TC is 
   321°. To convert this to a magnetic course, add the 10° 
   westerly variation (indicated by the slanted dashed line 
   across the upper right of the sectional), and find the 
   magnetic course of 331°. Remember to subtract easterly 
   variation and add westerly variation. 

Figure 25 
(Refer to figure 25.) Determine the magnetic course from Airpark 
East Airport (area 1) to Winnsboro Airport (area 2). Magnetic 
variation is 6°30'E. 





   ANSWER: 075°. 

   To find the magnetic course from 
   Airpark East Airport (lower left of chart) to Winnsboro 
   Airport (right of 2 on Fig. 25), you must find true course and 
   correct it for magnetic variation. Determine the true course 
   by placing the straight edge of your plotter along the given 
   route such that the grommet (center hole) is on a meridian 
   (the north/south line with crosslines). True course of 82° is 
   the number of degrees clockwise from true north. It is read 
   on the protractor portion of your plotter at the intersection 
   of the meridian. To convert this to a magnetic course, 
   subtract the 6°30'E (or round up to 7°E) easterly variation 
   and find that the magnetic course is 075°. Remember to 
   subtract easterly variation and add westerly variation. 

Figure 22 
(Refer to figure 22.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight 
from Mercer County Regional Airport (area 3) to Minot 
International (area 1). The wind is from 330° at 25 knots, the true 
airspeed is 100 knots, and the magnetic variation is 10°E. 





   ANSWER: 352°. 

   On Fig. 22, begin by computing the 
   true course (TC) from Mercer Co. Reg. (lower left corner) to 
   Minot Int'l. (upper left center) by drawing a line between the 
   two airports. Next, determine the TC by placing the grommet 
   on the plotter at the intersection of the course line and a 
   meridian (vertical line with cross-hatchings) and the top of 
   the plotter aligned with the course line. Note the 012° TC on 
   the edge of the protractor.

   Next, subtract the 10° east magnetic variation from the TC to 
   obtain a magnetic course (MC) of 002°. Since the wind is 
   given true, subtract the 10° east magnetic variation to obtain 
   a magnetic wind direction of 320° (330 - 10).

   Now use the wind side of your computer to plot the wind 
   direction and velocity. Place the magnetic wind direction of 
   320° on the inner scale on the true index. Mark 25 kt. up from 
   the grommet with a pencil. Turn the inner scale to the 
   magnetic course of 002°. Slide the grid up until the pencil 
   mark lies over the line for true airspeed (TAS) of 100 kt. 
   Correct for the 10° left wind angle by subtracting from the 
   magnetic course of 002° to obtain a magnetic heading of 
   352°. This is intuitively correct because, given the magnetic 
   course of 002° and a northwesterly wind, you must turn to 
   the left (crab into the wind) to correct for it. 

Figure 23 
(Refer to figure 23.) What is the magnetic heading for a flight from 
Priest River Airport (area 1) to Shoshone County Airport (area 3)? 
The wind is from 030° at 12 knots and the true airspeed is 95 knots. 





   ANSWER: 118°. 

   On Fig. 23, begin by computing the 
   true course from Priest River Airport (upper left corner) to 
   Shoshone County Airport (just below 3) by laying a flight 
   plotter between the two airports. The grommet should 
   coincide with the meridian (vertical line with 
   cross-hatchings). Note the 143° true course on the edge of 
   the protractor.

   Next, find the magnetic variation which is given by the 
   dashed line marked 18°E, slanting in a northeasterly fashion 
   just south of Carlin Bay private airport. Subtract the 18°E 
   variation from TC to obtain a magnetic course of 125°. Since 
   the wind is given true, reduce the true wind direction of 30° 
   by the magnetic variation of 18°E to a magnetic wind 
   direction of 12°.

   Now use the wind side of your computer. Turning the inner 
   circle to 12° under the true index, mark 12 kt. above the 
   grommet. Set the magnetic course of 125° under the true 
   index. Slide the grid so the pencil mark is on 95 kt. TAS. Note 
   that the pencil mark is 7° left of the center line, requiring you 
   to adjust the magnetic course to a 118° magnetic heading 
   (125° - 7°). Subtract left, add right. That is, if you are on an 
   easterly flight and the wind is from the north, you will want 
   to correct to the left. 

Figure 23 
(Refer to figure 23.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight 
from St. Maries Airport (area 4) to Priest River Airport (area 1). The 
wind is from 340° at 10 knots and the true airspeed is 90 knots. 





   ANSWER: 327°. 

   1. This flight is from St. Maries (just below 4) to Priest River 
   (upper left corner) on Fig. 23.

   2. TC is 346°.

   3. MC = 346° - 18°E variation = 328°.

   4. Wind magnetic = 340° - 18° = 322°.

   5. Mark 10 kt. up when 322° under true index.

   6. Put MC 328° under true index.

   7. Slide grid so pencil mark is on 90 kt. TAS.

   8. Note that the pencil mark is 1° left.

   9. Subtract 1° from 328° MC for 327° MH. 

Figure 23 
(Refer to figure 23.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight 
from Sandpoint Airport (area 1) to St. Maries Airport (area 4). The 
wind is from 215° at 25 knots and the true airspeed is 125 knots. 





   ANSWER: 169°. 

   1. This flight is from Sandpoint Airport (above 1), to St. 
   Maries (below 4) on Fig. 23.

   2. TC = 181°.

   3. MC = 181° - 18°E variation = 163°.

   4. Wind magnetic = 215° - 18°E variation = 197°.

   5. Mark up 25 kt. with 197° under true index.

   6. Put MC 163° under true index.

   7. Slide grid so pencil mark is on 125 kt. TAS.

   8. Note that the pencil mark is 6° right.

   9. Add 6° to 163° MC for 169° MH. 

Figure 26 
(Refer to figure 26.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight 
from Fort Worth Meacham (area 4) to Denton Muni (area 1). The 
wind is from 330° at 25 knots, the true airspeed is 110 knots, and 
the magnetic variation is 7°E. 





   ANSWER: 003°. 

   1. The flight is from Fort Worth Meacham (southeast of 4) to 
   Denton Muni (southwest of 1) on Fig. 26.

   2. TC = 021°.

   3. MC = 021° - 7°E variation = 014°.

   4. Wind magnetic = 330° - 7°E variation = 323°.

   5. Mark up 25 kt. with 323° under true index.

   6. Put MC 014° under true index.

   7. Slide grid so pencil mark is on 110 kt. TAS.

   8. Note that the pencil mark is 11° left.

   9. Subtract 11° from 014° MC for 003° MH. 


Page 19