Figure 25 
(Refer to figure 25.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft 
if the VOR receivers indicate the 245° radial of Sulphur Springs 
VOR-DME (area 5) and the 140° radial of Bonham VORTAC (area 
3)? 





   ANSWER: Glenmar Airport. 

   To locate a position based on VOR 
   radials, draw the radials on your map or on the plastic 
   overlay during the FAA knowledge test. Remember that 
   radials are from the VOR, or leaving the VOR.

   On Fig. 25, the 245° radial from Sulphur Springs VOR-DME 
   extends southwest, and the 140° radial from Bonham 
   VORTAC extends southeast. They intersect about 1 mi. east 
   of Glenmar Airport. 

Figure 26 
(Refer to figure 26, area 5.) The VOR is tuned to the Dallas/Fort 
Worth VORTAC. The omnibearing selector (OBS) is set on 253°, 
with a TO indication, and a right course deviation indicator (CDI) 
deflection. What is the aircraft's position from the VORTAC? 





   ANSWER: East-northeast. 

   It is not necessary to refer to Fig. 26 
   to solve this problem. Write the word VOR on a piece of 
   paper. Now draw a line through it, representing the 253° 
   radial and its reciprocal. Now imagine you are flying along 
   this line on a heading of 253°. With a TO indication and a 
   right CDI deflection, you are northeast of the VOR, but 
   south of the course.

   NOTE: The FAA previously changed the figure to which 
   this question refers without changing the question. Figure 
   26 depicts the Dallas-Ft. Worth VOR/DME, not a VORTAC. 

Figure 29 
(Refer to figures 29, illustration 8.) The VOR receiver has the 
indications shown. What radial is the aircraft crossing? 





   ANSWER: 030°. 

   The OBS is set on 210° with the 
   needle centered. The important factor is the (TO) indication 
   showing. You are thus crossing the 210° inbound bearing 
   but with a (TO) indication it is the 030° radial. If it was a 
   (FROM) indication it would be the 210° radial. 

Figure 29 Figure 27 
(Refer to figures 29 and 27, areas 4 and 3.) The VOR is tuned to 
Jamestown VOR, and the aircraft is positioned over Cooperstown 
Airport. Which VOR indication is correct? 





   ANSWER: 6. 

   Cooperstown Airport (northeast of 2 
   in Fig. 27) is located on the 028° radial of the Jamestown 
   VOR (south of 4). With a centered needle, you could have 
   an OBS setting of 028° and a FROM indication or an OBS 
   setting of 208° and a TO indication. VOR 6 fits the aircraft's 
   location over Cooperstown Airport. You have a FROM 
   indication with an OBS setting of 030° and a half-scale 
   deflection of the CDI to the right (because Cooperstown 
   Airport is north of your selected course). You are thus on 
   approximately the 028° radial. 

Figure 29 
(Refer to figures 29, illustration 1.) The VOR receiver has the 
indications shown. What is the aircraft's position relative to the 
station? 





   ANSWER: South. 

   The OBS is set to 030°. If the needle 
   were centered the airplane would be southwest of the 
   station. The CDI is deflected full scale left so you are right of 
   course. You are thus south of the VORTAC. 

Figure 29 
(Refer to figures 29, illustration 3.) The VOR receiver has the 
indications shown. What is the aircraft's position relative to the 
station? 





   ANSWER: Southeast. 

   With no (TO) or (FROM) indications 
   showing on VOR 3, Fig. 29, you must be flying in the zone of 
   ambiguity from the VOR which is perpendicular to the OBS 
   setting, i.e, on the 120° or 300° radials. Since you have a left 
   deflection, you would be on the 120° radial, or southeast of 
   the VOR. 

Figure 29 Figure 21 
(Refer to figures 29 and 21, area 3.) The VOR is tuned to Elizabeth 
City VOR, and the aircraft is positioned over Shawboro. Which 
VOR indication is correct? 





   ANSWER: 2. 

   See Fig. 21, northeast of 3 along the 
   compass rose. 

   Shawboro is northeast of the Elizabeth City VOR on the 030° 
   radial. To be over it, the needle should be centered with 
   either an OBS setting of 210° and a TO indication, or with an 
   OBS setting of 030° and a FROM indication. VOR 2 matches 
   the latter description. 

Figure 25 Figure 29 
(Refer to figures 25 and 29.) The VOR is tuned to Bonham 
VORTAC (area 3) and the aircraft is positioned over the town of 
Sulphur Springs (area 5). Which VOR indication is correct? 





   ANSWER: 7. 

   The town of Sulpher Springs 
   (south-southwest of 5) is on the 120° radial of Bonham 
   VORTAC. Illustration 7 shows the VOR receiver tuned to the 
   210° radial, which is perpendicular to (90° away from) the 
   120° radial. This places the aircraft in the zone of ambiguity, 
   which results in neither a TO nor a FROM indication and an 
   unstable CDI, which can be deflected left or right. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 1.) Determine the magnetic bearing 
TO the station. 





   ANSWER: 210°. 

   Fig. 30 shows movable card ADFs. In 
   these, the airplane's magnetic heading is always on top and 
   the needle always indicates the magnetic bearing TO the 
   station. Thus, the magnetic bearing TO the station in ADF 1 
   is 210°. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 2.) What magnetic bearing should 
the pilot use to fly TO the station? 





   ANSWER: 190°. 

   Fig. 30, illustration 2, is a movable 
   card ADF. This ADF displays the airplane's magnetic 
   heading at the top, and the needle always points to the 
   magnetic bearing TO the station. Thus, the magnetic bearing 
   TO the station in ADF 2 is 190°. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 2.) Determine the approximate 
heading to intercept the 180° bearing TO the station. 





   ANSWER: 220°. 

   A 180° bearing to the station would 
   put us directly north of the station assuming no wind. 
   Currently, we are northeast of the station (190° bearing), 
   proceeding in a northwest direction (magnetic heading of 
   315°). If we want to intercept the 180° bearing to the station, 
   we should turn to the southwest, or 220°. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 3.) What is the magnetic bearing 
FROM the station? 





   ANSWER: 115°. 

   The tail of the needle of an ADF 
   indicates the magnetic bearing FROM the station on a 
   movable card ADF. ADF 3 shows a magnetic bearing of 115° 
   FROM. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figure 30.) Which ADF indication represents the aircraft 
tracking TO the station with a right crosswind? 





   ANSWER: 4. 

   If you have a crosswind from the 
   right, you must adjust your heading (crab) to the right to 
   compensate for the wind. In that case, the needle would 
   point to the left of the nose, as in ADF 4. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 1.) What outbound bearing is the 
aircraft crossing? 





   ANSWER: 030°. 

   The outbound (magnetic) bearing is 
   the bearing FROM the station, which is represented by the 
   tail of the needle in a movable card ADF. The airplane in 
   ADF 1 is crossing the 030° outbound bearing (radial) since 
   the tail of the needle is pointing to 030°. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 1.) What is the relative bearing TO 
the station? 





   ANSWER: 240°. 

   The relative bearing is measured 
   clockwise from the nose of the airplane to the head of the 
   needle. From ADF 1, the magnetic heading (MH) is 330° and 
   the magnetic bearing (MB) TO the station is 210°. Use the 
   following standard formula to solve for the relative bearing 
   (RB) TO the station: 

   MH + RB = MB (TO)
   330° + RB = 210°
   RB = -120° (210 - 330)

   Since it is less than 0°, add 360° to determine the RB of 240° 
   (-120 + 360). 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 2.) What is the relative bearing TO 
the station? 





   ANSWER: 235°. 

   The relative bearing is measured 
   clockwise from the nose of the airplane to the head of the 
   needle. Use the following standard formula from ADF 2 in 
   the formula to determine the RB: 

    
   MH + RB = MB (TO)
   315° + RB = 190°
   RB = -125° (190 - 315) 

   Since it is less than 0°, add 360° to determine the RB of 235° 
   (-125 + 360) TO the station. 

Figure 30 
(Refer to figures 30, illustration 4.) What is the relative bearing TO 
the station? 





   ANSWER: 340°. 

   The relative bearing (RB) is measured 
   clockwise from the nose of the airplane to the head of the 
   needle. Use the information from ADF 4 in the formula to 
   determine the RB: 

    
   MH + RB = MB (TO)
   220° + RB = 200°
   RB = -20° (200 - 220)

   Since it is less than 0°, add 360° to determine the RB of 340° 
   (-20 + 360) TO the station. 

Figure 31 
(Refer to figures 31, illustration 3.) The relative bearing TO the 
station is 





   ANSWER: 180°. 

   The relative bearing (RB) is measured 
   clockwise from the nose of the airplane to the head of the 
   needle. Since this is a fixed card ADF, the needle points to 
   the relative bearing TO the station. ADF 3 in Fig. 31 shows a 
   relative bearing of 180°. 

Figure 31 
(Refer to figures 31, illustration 1.) The relative bearing TO the 
station is 





   ANSWER: 315°. 

   On a fixed card ADF, the needle 
   points to the relative bearing TO the station. ADF 1 in Fig. 
   31 shows a relative bearing of 315°. 

Figure 31 
(Refer to figures 31, illustration 2.) The relative bearing TO the 
station is 





   ANSWER: 090°. 

   On a fixed card ADF, the needle 
   points to the relative bearing TO the station. ADF 2 in Fig. 
   31 shows a relative bearing of 090° TO the station. 

Figure 31 
(Refer to figures 31, illustration 4.) On a magnetic heading of 320°, 
the magnetic bearing TO the station is 





   ANSWER: 185°. 

   The magnetic bearing TO the station 
   is required. Use the standard ADF formula. 

    
   MH + RB = MB (TO)
   320° + 225° = MB (TO)
   545° = MB (TO) 

   Since it is greater than 360°, subtract 360° to determine the 
   MB (TO) is 185° (545 - 360). 

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