Figure 20 
(Refer to figure 20.) How are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts 
best used by a pilot? 





   ANSWER: For determining areas to avoid (freezing levels and 
   turbulence). 

   Weather prognostic charts forecast 
   conditions that exist 12 and 24 hr. in the future. They include 
   two types of forecasts: low level significant weather such as 
   IFR and marginal VFR areas and moderate or greater 
   turbulence areas and freezing levels. 

Figure 20 
(Refer to figure 20.) The enclosed shaded area associated with the 
low pressure system over northern Utah is forecast to have 





   ANSWER: continuous snow. 

   Refer to the lower left panel of the 
   24-hr. Significant Weather Prog Chart in Fig. 20. There is a 
   low pressure center over northern Utah, indicated by a bold 
   "L." To the left of the "L" is a shaded area, indicating 
   precipitation covering more than half the area. Just to the 
   right of the "L" is a symbol, ‚ , with an arrow pointing to 
   the shaded area. This means that the shaded area is forecast 
   to have continuous light to moderate snow. 

To use VHF/DF facilities for assistance in locating an aircraft's 
position, the aircraft must have a 





   ANSWER: VHF transmitter and receiver. 

   The VHF/Direction Finder (DF) 
   facility is a ground operation that displays the magnetic 
   direction of the airplane from the station each time the 
   airplane communication (VHF) radio transmits a signal to it. 
   Thus, to use such facilities for assistance in locating an 
   airplane position, the airplane must have both a VHF 
   transmitter (to send the signal) and a receiver (to 
   communicate with the operator, who reads out the displayed 
   magnetic direction). 

When the course deviation indicator (CDI) needle is centered 
during an omnireceiver check using a VOR test signal (VOT), the 
omnibearing selector (OBS) and the TO/FROM indicator should 
read 





   ANSWER: 0° FROM or 180° TO, regardless of the pilot's position 
   from the VOT. 

   A VOT transmits a 360° (0°) radial in 
   all directions. With the CDI centered, the OBS should 
   indicate 0° with the TO-FROM indicator showing FROM, or 
   180° TO, regardless of your position from the VOT. A good 
   way to remember the VOT rule is to associate it with the 
   Cessna 182, i.e., 180 TO. 

How many satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS)? 





   ANSWER: 24.

   The Global Positioning System (GPS) 
   is composed of a constellation of 24 satellites that broadcast 
   signals decoded by a receiver in order to determine a 
   three-dimensional position. 

What is the minimum number of Global Positioning System (GPS) 
satellites that are observable by a user anywhere on earth? 





   ANSWER: 5. 

   The Global Positioning System is 
   composed of 24 satellites, at least five of which are 
   observable at any given time anywhere on earth. 

How many Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are required 
to yield a three dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and 
altitude) and time solution? 





   ANSWER: 4. 

   GPS satellites broadcast radio signals 
   that are decoded by a receiver in order to triangulate a 
   three-dimensional position by calculating distances based 
   on the amount of time it takes the radio signals to reach the 
   receiver. At least four GPS satellites are required to yield a 
   three-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) 
   and time solution. 

An airport's rotating beacon operated during daylight hours 
indicates 





   ANSWER: that weather at the airport located in Class D airspace is 
   below basic VFR weather minimums. 

   Operation of the airport beacon 
   during daylight hours often indicates that weather at the 
   airport located in controlled airspace (e.g., Class D airspace) 
   is below basic VFR weather minimums, i.e., less than 1,000 ft. 
   ceiling or 3 SM visibility. Note that there is no regulatory 
   requirement for daylight operation of an airport's rotating 
   beacon. 

A lighted heliport may be identified by a 





   ANSWER: green, yellow, and white rotating beacon. 

   A lighted heliport may be identified 
   by a green, yellow, and white rotating beacon. 

A military air station can be identified by a rotating beacon that 
emits 





   ANSWER: two quick, white flashes between green flashes. 

   Lighted land airports are 
   distinguished by white and green airport beacons. To 
   further distinguish it as a military airport, there are two quick 
   white flashes between each green. 

How can a military airport be identified at night? 





   ANSWER: Dual peaked (two quick) white flashes between green 
   flashes. 

   Military airport beacons flash 
   alternately white and green, but are differentiated from civil 
   beacons by two quick white flashes between the green 
   flashes. 

To set the high intensity runway lights on medium intensity, the 
pilot should click the microphone seven times, then click it 





   ANSWER: five times. 

   To turn on and set the runway lights 
   on medium intensity, the recommended procedure is to key 
   the mike 7 times; this assures that all the lights are on and at 
   high intensity. Next key the mike 5 times to get the 
   medium-intensity setting. 

An on glide slope indication from a tri-color VASI is 





   ANSWER: a green light signal. 

   Tri-color visual approach slope 
   indicators normally consist of a single light unit projecting a 
   3-color visual approach path into the final approach area of 
   the runway, upon which the indicator is installed. The below 
   glide path indicator is red. The above glide path indicator is 
   amber. The on glide path indicator is green. This type of 
   indicator has a useful range of approximately ½ to 1 mi. in 
   daytime and up to 5 mi. at night. 

An above glide slope indication from a tri-color VASI is 





   ANSWER: an amber light signal. 

   The tri-color VASI has three lights: 
   amber for above the glide slope, green for on the glide slope, 
   and red for below the glide slope. 

A below glide slope indication from a tri-color VASI is a 





   ANSWER: red light signal. 

   The tri-color VASI has three lights: 
   amber for above the glide slope, green for on the glide slope, 
   and red for below the glide slope. 

A below glide slope indication from a pulsating approach slope 
indicator is a 





   ANSWER: pulsating red light. 

   A pulsating VASI indicator normally 
   consists of a single light unit projecting a two-color visual 
   approach path into the final approach area of the runway 
   upon which the indicator is installed. The below glide slope 
   indication is a pulsating red, the above glide slope is 
   pulsating white, and the on glide slope is a steady white 
   light. The useful range of this system is about 4 mi. during 
   the day and up to 10 mi. at night. 

Figure 48 
(Refer to figure 48.) While on final approach to a runway equipped 
with a standard 2-bar VASI, the lights appear as shown by 
illustration D. This means that the aircraft is 





   ANSWER: below the glide slope. 

   In illustration D of Fig. 48, both rows 
   of lights are red. Thus, the aircraft is below the glide path. 
   Remember, "red means dead." 

Figure 48 
(Refer to figure 48.) VASI lights as shown by illustration C indicate 
that the airplane is 





   ANSWER: above the glide slope. 

   In illustration C of Fig. 48, both rows 
   of lights are white, which means the airplane is above the 
   glide path. 

Figure 48 
(Refer to figure 48.) Illustration A indicates that the aircraft is 





   ANSWER: on the glide slope. 

   Illustration A indicates that the 
   airplane is on the glide path (glide slope). The basic principle 
   of the VASI is that of color differentiation between red and 
   white. Each light unit projects a beam of light having a white 
   segment in the upper part and a red segment in the lower 
   part of the beam. Thus, to be on the glide slope you need to 
   be on the lower part of the far light (red) and on the upper 
   part of the near light (white). 

A slightly high glide slope indication from a precision approach 
path indicator is 





   ANSWER: three white lights and one red light. 

   A precision approach path indicator 
   (PAPI) has a row of four lights, each of which is similar to a 
   VASI, in that they emit a red or white light. Above the glide 
   slope (more than 3.5°) is indicated by four white lights, a 
   slightly above glide slope (3.2°) is indicated by three white 
   lights and one red light, on glide slope (3°) is indicated by 
   two white and two red lights, slightly below glide slope 
   (2.8°) is indicated by one white and three red lights, and 
   below (too low) the glide slope (less than 2.5°) is indicated 
   by four red lights. 

Figure 49 
(Refer to figure 49.) That portion of the runway identified by the 
letter A may be used for 





   ANSWER: taxiing and takeoff. 

   The portion of the runway identified 
   by the letter A in Fig. 49 is a displaced threshold, as marked 
   by arrows from the beginning of the runway pointing to the 
   displaced threshold, which means it may be used for taxiing 
   or takeoffs, but not for landings. 

Figure 49 
(Refer to figure 49.) According to the airport diagram, which 
statement is true? 





   ANSWER: Takeoffs may be started at position A on Runway 12, and 
   the landing portion of this runway begins at position B. 

   In Fig. 49, Runway 12 takeoffs may be 
   started at position A, and the landing portion of this runway 
   begins at position B. In this example, a displaced threshold 
   exists at the beginning of Runway 12. The threshold is a 
   heavy line across the runway, designating the beginning 
   portion of a runway usable for landing. The paved area 
   behind the displaced runway threshold is available for 
   taxiing, the landing rollout, and the takeoff of aircraft. 

Figure 49 
(Refer to figure 49.) What is the difference between area A and area 
E on the airport depicted? 





   ANSWER: "A" may be used for taxi and takeoff; "E" may be used 
   only as an overrun. 

   Area A in Fig. 49 is the paved area 
   behind a displaced runway threshold, as identified by the 
   arrows painted on the pavement. This area may be used for 
   taxiing, the landing rollout, and the takeoff of aircraft. Area E 
   is a stopway area, as identified by the chevrons. This area, 
   due to the nature of its structure, is unusable except as an 
   overrun. 

Figure 49 
(Refer to figure 49.) Area C on the airport depicted is classified as a 





   ANSWER: closed runway. 

   The runway marked by the arrow C in 
   Fig. 49 has Xs on the runway, indicating it is closed. 

The numbers 9 and 27 on a runway indicate that the runway is 
oriented approximately 





   ANSWER: 090° and 270° magnetic. 

   Runway numbers are determined from 
   the approach direction. The runway number is the whole 
   number nearest one-tenth the magnetic direction of the 
   centerline. Thus, the numbers 9 and 27 on a runway indicate 
   that the runway is oriented approximately 090° and 270° 
   magnetic. 

Figure 50 
(Refer to figure 50.) The arrows that appear on the end of the 
north/south runway indicate that the area 





   ANSWER: cannot be used for landing, but may be used for taxiing 
   and takeoff. 

   The arrows that appear on the end of 
   the north/south runway (displaced thresholds) as shown in 
   Fig. 50 indicate that the area cannot be used for landing, but 
   may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and the landing rollout. 

The normal radius of the outer area of Class C airspace is 





   ANSWER: 20 nautical miles. 

   The outer area of Class C airspace has 
   a normal radius of 20 NM with variations possible. This is in 
   contrast to the Class C airspace area itself, which also has 
   two circles: the first a 5-NM radius core surface area and the 
   second a 10-NM radius shelf area. 

All operations within Class C airspace must be in 





   ANSWER: an aircraft equipped with a 4096-code transponder with 
   Mode C encoding capability. 

   To operate within Class C airspace, an 
   aircraft must be equipped with a 4096-code transponder with 
   Mode C (altitude encoding) capability. 

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