Pilots are more subject to spatial disorientation if 





   ANSWER: body signals are used to interpret flight attitude. 

   Spatial disorientation is a state of 
   temporary confusion resulting from misleading information 
   being sent to the brain by various sensory organs. Thus the 
   pilot should ignore sensations of muscles and inner ear and 
   kinesthetic senses (those which sense motion). 

If a pilot experiences spatial disorientation during flight in a 
restricted visibility condition, the best way to overcome the effect 
is to 





   ANSWER: rely upon the aircraft instrument indications. 

   The best way to overcome the effects 
   of spatial disorientation is to rely entirely on the aircraft's 
   instrument indications and not upon body sensations. Sight 
   of the horizon also overrides inner ear sensations. Thus, in 
   areas of poor visibility, especially, such bodily signals 
   should be ignored. 

The danger of spatial disorientation during flight in poor visual 
conditions may be reduced by 





   ANSWER: having faith in the instruments rather than taking a 
   chance on the sensory organs. 

   Various complex motions and forces 
   and certain visual scenes encountered in flight can create 
   illusions of motion and position. Spatial disorientation from 
   these illusions can be prevented only by visual reference to 
   reliable fixed points on the ground and horizon or to flight 
   instruments. 

A state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading 
information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs is 
defined as 





   ANSWER: spatial disorientation. 

   A state of temporary confusion 
   resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain 
   by various sensory organs is defined as vertigo (spatial 
   disorientation). Put simply, the pilot cannot determine 
   his/her relationship to the earth's horizon. 

Which technique should a pilot use to scan for traffic to the right 
and left during straight-and-level flight? 





   ANSWER: Systematically focus on different segments of the sky for 
   short intervals. 

   Due to the fact that eyes can focus 
   only on a narrow viewing area, effective scanning is 
   accomplished with a series of short, regularly spaced eye 
   movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the 
   central vision field. 

What effect does haze have on the ability to see traffic or terrain 
features during flight? 





   ANSWER: All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away 
   than their actual distance. 

   Atmospheric haze can create the 
   illusion of being at a greater distance from traffic or terrain 
   than you actually are. This is especially prevalent on 
   landings. 

What preparation should a pilot make to adapt the eyes for night 
flying? 





   ANSWER: Avoid bright white lights at least 30 minutes before the 
   flight. 

   Prepare for night flying by letting 
   your eyes adapt to darkness, including avoiding bright 
   white light for at least 30 min. prior to night flight. 

Large accumulations of carbon monoxide in the human body result 
in 





   ANSWER: loss of muscular power. 

   Carbon monoxide reduces the ability 
   of the blood to carry oxygen. Large accumulations result in 
   loss of muscular power. 

Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as 





   ANSWER: altitude increases. 

   Carbon monoxide poisoning results in 
   an oxygen deficiency. Since there is less oxygen available at 
   higher altitudes, carbon monoxide poisoning can occur with 
   lesser amounts of carbon monoxide as altitude increases. 

An ATC clearance provides 





   ANSWER: authorization to proceed under specified traffic conditions 
   in controlled airspace. 

   A clearance issued by ATC is 
   predicated on known traffic and known physical airport 
   conditions. An ATC clearance means an authorization by 
   ATC, for the purpose of preventing collision between 
   known airplanes, for an airplane to proceed under specified 
   conditions within controlled airspace. 

The letters VHF/DF appearing in the Airport/Facility Directory for a 
certain airport indicate that 





   ANSWER: the Flight Service Station has equipment with which to 
   determine your direction from the station. 

   The VHF/Direction Finder (DF) facility 
   is a ground operation that displays the magnetic direction of 
   the airplane from the station each time the airplane 
   communication radio transmits a signal to it. It is used by 
   ATC and FSS to assist lost pilots by telling them which 
   direction they are from the receiving station. 

Figure 23 
(Refer to figure 23, area 2, and Legend 1.) For information about the 
parachute jumping and glider operations at Silverwood Airport, 
refer to 





   ANSWER: the Airport/Facility Directory. 

   The miniature parachute near the 
   Silverwood Airport (at 2 on Fig. 23) indicates a parachute 
   jumping area. In Legend 1, the symbol for a parachute 
   jumping area instructs you to see the Airport/Facility 
   Directory (A/FD) for more information. The A/FD will also 
   have information on the glider operations at Silverwood 
   Airport. 

Figure 53 
(Refer to figure 53.) When approaching Lincoln Municipal from the 
west at noon for the purpose of landing, initial communications 
should be with 





   ANSWER: Lincoln Approach Control on 124.0 MHz. 

   Fig. 53 contains the A/FD excerpt for 
   Lincoln Municipal. Locate the section titled Airspace and 
   note that Lincoln Municipal is located in Class C airspace. 
   The Class C airspace is in effect from 0530-0030 local time 
   (1130-0630Z). You should contact approach control (app 
   con) during that time before entering. Move up three lines to 
   App/Dep Con and note that aircraft arriving from the west of 
   Lincoln (i.e., 170° - 349°) at noon should initially contact 
   Lincoln Approach Control on 124.0. 

Figure 53 
(Refer to figure 53.) Which type radar service is provided to VFR 
aircraft at Lincoln Municipal? 





   ANSWER: Sequencing to the primary Class C airport, traffic 
   advisories, conflict resolution, and safety alerts. 

   Fig. 53 contains the A/FD excerpt for 
   Lincoln Municipal. Locate the section titled Airspace to 
   determine that Lincoln Municipal is located in Class C 
   airspace. Once communications and radar contact are 
   established, VFR aircraft are provided the following services:

   1. Sequencing to the primary airport

   2. Approved separation between IFR and VFR aircraft

   3. Basic radar services, i.e., safety alerts, limited vectoring, 
   and traffic advisories.

   The FAA should change "conflict resolution" to "limited 
   vectoring" in the future. 

Figure 53 
(Refer to figure 53.) Traffic patterns in effect at Lincoln Municipal 
are 





   ANSWER: to the left on Runway 17L and Runway 35L; to the right 
   on Runway 17R and Runway 35R. 

   Fig. 53 contains the A/FD excerpt for 
   Lincoln Municipal. For this question, you need to locate the 
   runway end data elements, i.e., Rwy 17R, Rwy 35L, Rwy 14, 
   Rwy 32, Rwy 17L, and Rwy 35R. Traffic patterns are to the 
   left unless right traffic is noted by the contraction Rgt tfc. 
   The only runways with right traffic are Rwy 17R and Rwy 
   35R. 

Figure 53 
(Refer to figure 53.) Where is Loup City Municipal located with 
relation to the city? 





   ANSWER: Northwest approximately 1 mile. 

   Fig. 53 contains the A/FD excerpt for 
   Loup City Municipal. On the first line, the third item listed, 1 
   NW, means that Loup City Municipal is located 
   approximately 1 NM northwest of the city. 

Figure 53 
(Refer to figure 53.) What is the recommended communications 
procedure for landing at Lincoln Municipal during the hours when 
the tower is not in operation? 





   ANSWER: Monitor airport traffic and announce your position and 
   intentions on 118.5 MHz. 

   When the Lincoln Municipal tower is 
   closed, you should monitor airport traffic and announce 
   your position and intentions on the CTAF. Fig. 53 contains 
   the A/FD excerpt for Lincoln Municipal. Locate the section 
   titled Communications and note that on that same line the 
   CTAF frequency is 118.5. 


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